Masculine contour12/11/2023 ![]() ![]() Huang T, Hidalgo J, Lewis S (1982) A circumareolar approach in surgical management of gynecomastia. Godwin Y (2018) Correction of tuberous nipple areolar complex deformity in gynecomastia: the deformity that can get forgotten. Klinger M, Caviggioli F, Klinger F, Villani F, Arra E, Di Tommaso (2011) Tuberous breast: morphological study and overview of a borderline entity. Hamilton S, Gault D (2003) The tuberous male breast. Mandrekas A, Zambacos G, Anastasopoulos A et al (2003) Aesthetic reconstruction of the tuberous breast deformity. Pacifico M, Kang NV (2007) The tuberous breast revisited. Rees T, Aston S (1976) The tuberous breast. Innocenti A, Andretto AC, Ciancio F (2014) Wide-undermining neck liposuction: tips and trick for good results. Ridha H et al (2009) How happy are patients with their gynaecomastia reduction surgery? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62(11):1473–1478 Grolleau J, Lanfrey E, Lavigne B et al (1999) Breast base anomalies: treatment strategy for tuberous breasts, minor deformities, and asymmetry. Webster JP (1946) Mastectomy for gynecomastia through a semicircular-intra-areolar incision. ![]() Aesth Plast Surg 41(5):1037–1044Īiache AE (1989) Surgical treatment of gynecomastia in the bodybuilder. Portincasa A, Ciancio F, Cagiano L, Innocenti A, Parisi D (2017) Septum-enhanced mammaplasty in inferocentral pedicled breast reduction of macromastia and gigantomastia patients. Innocenti A, Melita D, Ghezzi S, Ciancio F (2018) stenotic breast malformation and its reconstructive surgical correction: a new concept from minor deformity to tuberous breast. Innocenti A, Innocenti M (2015) Retro-areola distally based flap in the management of the full expression of tuberous breast: a simple strategy to resolve a weak point of the deformity. Pacifico MD, Kang NV (2007) The tuberous breast revisited. Lazala C, Saenger P (2002) Pubertal gynecomastia. (2017) Tuberous breast, past present and future: personal classification treatment and surgical outcomes. Rohrich R, Ha R, Kenkel J Jr (2003) Adams WP Classification and management of gynecomastia: defining the role of ultrasound- assisted liposuction. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. The use of glandular flaps showed a satisfactory reshaping of the pectoral area. ConclusionĪlthough tuberous breast in the gynecomastia population is a rare clinical entity, it should be taken into consideration because it could benefit from some specific surgical measures. No major complications were reported: one seroma, one skin depression, two scar revisions and three cases of bilateral minimal crescent ptotic skin appearance were observed. No major complications and no recurrences of the disorders have not been observed. Routine laboratory tests and histological examinations did not demonstrate any anomalies. The average hospitalization stay was 1.28 days. The average follow-up period was 32 months. The recontouring of the chest profile was optimized using parenchymal flaps which helped to maximize the surgical correction with minimal scarring. Transection of the fibrous constrictions at the level of inframammary fold is not sufficient to obtain a satisfactory result, and adjunctive surgical measurements are required.įrom January 2007 to December 2015, twenty-one patients, affected by gynecomastia with tuberous breast deformity, underwent surgical correction consisting of parenchyma debulking and transection of the stenotic fibrous ring of the footprint. A clear footprint defining a very feminine inframammary fold is very difficult to correct and renders very difficult the management of the extra skin. Because of its anatomical characteristics, its correction could benefit from particular surgical measures and therefore it should be careful diagnosed. It can clinically appear very similar to tuberous breast in females, including a footprint resembling a feminine inframammary fold (IMF). Tuberous breast deformity, even rarely, might be observed in the gynecomastia population. ![]()
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